What are Urologic Cancers? Cancer is the result of fast and abnormal cell growth. Urologic cancers affect the organs and structures of the male and female urinary system and the male reproductive system.These cancers are fairly common. Types of Urologic Cancers 1. Bladder cancer affects the cells that line the urinary bladder, a small sac that collects urine for excretion. 2. Renal (kidney) cancer forms in the small tubes that clean the blood of the kidneys. Renal pelvis cancer is a rare form of this disease. It occurs in the part of the kidney that connects to the bladder. 3. Testicular cancer forms in a testis and accounts for only one percent of all cancers in men. 4. Urethral cancer occurs in the urethra, the tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. How are urologic cancers diagnosed? Once doctors/urologists have reason to suspect a urologic cancer, they may perform some of the following tests: Cytoscopy or ureteroscopy, using a tool with a tiny light or camera to check the ureter (the tube that carries urine), bladder and kidney for tumors. Lab tests to look for changes in the blood that could be signs of cancer. Biopsy to obtain a sample of abnormal tissue and analyze it for cancer cells.